cutting grass after nematode application cutting grass after nematode application

This follow-up can be done around 1-2 weeks after the initial application; or, it may be better applied during fall months in the case of pests with overwintering, soil-dwelling life stages. Use our complete Beneficial Nematode Selection Chart to select the proper species by pest. Got grubs, armyworms, or cutworms in your lawn and garden? Keep the soil extra moist for about 10 days after application while the nematodes establish themselves. For nematodes to be effective, those gaps must be present, which means your soil cant be compacted, and it has to be moist. Did the soap test last week (poured Dawn and water on two different areas) and nothing came up, though I think the soap might have killed the grass in the area. You can then add more water and stir the solution before application. Lawn grubs are the larval stage of certain insects, typically Japanese beetles, Masked chafer, European chafer, Rose chafer, fly larvae, Bill-bugs, Army worms, Strawberry root weevils, Banana Moths, Fungus gnats, June (or May) bug and Black Turfgrass Ataenius. If you have nematodes left over after the first round, just re-do the process and increase the mix rate of nematodes to water. They can also cause stem injury to onions, rye, alfalfa and chrysanthemums. Beneficial nematodes attack pest grubs. Nematodes will die after the application's expiration date. Check irrigation system first. by Ed Thralls Make sure the soil temperature is above 60F but below 93F. Thats what Im picturing now . 0 Comments; Uncategorized luffy's father revealed at marineford episode number . Remove filters of 50 mesh or finer from the application equipment. 6. However, when to apply nematodes to control each of these pests varies depending on their individual life cycles. hkO0?2M/IlGBZBUP Ch6R$l8iVhAVb|3mgI. Nematodes living in soil are very small and most can only be seen with the aid of a microscope. This will make them slurry. If applying chemicals to your lawn is not your thing, you could try nematodes the grub-killing ones. Before you buy beneficial nematodes, you have to identify the pest you want to eradicate. The most common types of beneficial nematodes available for sale are: The table below shows which of these three species is most effective for controlling some common lawn and garden pests. Often, as the grass thins out spurge and other weeds may become prominent. Some applications suggest another application two weeks after the first. Pest nematodes puncture cell walls with sharp mouths, inject saliva and then suck out the cell contents. You should keep the brown patches moist for the next 2 weeks. If correctly applied, you should begin seeing positive results within 3 to 7 days. The soil should be moist at time of application and lightly watered immediately after application. Mowing your lawn! How often should I water the area after applying Nematodes? Its literally amazing whats going on in the soil just under the lawn in your garden. Our team of arborists is fully equipped to deal with any type of tree removal. All Nematodes are mixed with water and applied using a hose end applicator. However, applying more nematodes the first time doesnt guarantee you wont need to apply again. Lance nematode population dynamics are unknown. Generally NemAttack, our formulations of Steinernema will stay where you put them, but NemaSeek (Heterorhabditis) will continue moving through the soil until they find a pest to infect. How Long Can Nematodes Be Kept Before Use? WARNING: Dont purchase beneficial nematodes until its close to the time youre going to apply them because they have a short shelf life. 3330 piedmont road northeast atlanta, ga. gahanna spring open soccer tournament; explore the world app alternative; antibacterial envelope hcpcs; alexander the great kehinde wiley Vine Weevil Nematodes work by seeking out and killing vine weevil larvae. Prior to applying the nematodes: Cut the grass short before treatment. Nematodes are in a phylum by themselves: the phylum Nematoda. Once inside, the nematodes release a bacteria that poisons the host pest and breaks down host tissue for the nematode to eat (pretty gnarly, right?). Apply beneficial nematodes to moisten soil when temperatures are below 86F. These nematodes measure around 1/25 of an inch to several inches long. %%EOF We have a wide range of organic, natural pest control solutions for the garden and allotment. Nematodes usually come in a sponge, in dry granules, or in powdery clay. If you are not planning to use them immediately, store them in a fridge for a few weeks. You dont want to drown your grass or plants. or (520) 825-9785 I am considering applying to my lawn do I need to cover the entirety of my yard with the beneficial nematodes? Nematodes can be stored in a refrigerator for 2-4 weeks (always check the expiry date located on the inside packaging). Apply beneficial nematodes to moisten soil when temperatures are below 86F. Spoiler alert: in this article well be exploring deadly bacteria, feeding wounds, host cadavers, parasitizing, host liquification, and grub cavity-penetrating teeth. Wait about seven to 10 days, then apply the nematodes again, the same way you did the first time. The grubs will sense the warming temperatures and start moving up again towards the grass root zone. The nematodes reproduce inside a hosts body, and the young feed on it until theyve consumed the whole thing. Because the nematodes are light-sensitive, it is advisable to use them either early in the morning or at dusk when there is low lighting. Late September to October: From late September, temperatures will start cooling down through to October. Of all the lifeforms in ocean sediments, 90% are nematodes. You can have a beautiful lawn but being proactive is half the battle. The Nematodes will be soaked and absorbed into the soil. If your insect pest returns the following year, another application may be necessary. What are the disadvantages of beneficial nematodes? Soil temperatures of above 10 degrees Celsius and which stay the same for a while, In low lighting conditions such as the early morning or at dusk. Leave for 2 weeks between applying Nematodes and feed. The currently recommended application method of biocontrol nematodes is to rinse the biocontrol nematodes with high volumes of water through fine mesh screens into a holding tank. August to October: As they feed on the grassroots, the Japanese beetle will develop into the second and third instars in the month of August through to October. This product has a . Nope. You need to mix the nematodes with filtered water because chlorine could kill them. The solution can be applied using a watering can, Hose End Sprayer, backpack or Pump Sprayer or through irrigation or misting systems. Apply when soil is moist early in the morning or in the evening. However, if you do read more, Tree Removal Usually, it will take 2 to 3 weeks from application to show results. About two weeks after applying beneficial nematodes, you should notice a significant decrease in the target pest population. Experts say that for 200 square feet of brown patches, you will need 5 million nematodes. The second best time is now. Chinese proverb, When to Apply Nematodes in Controlling Grubs and Larvae, When to Apply Nematodes to Control Japanese Beetles. Nematodes are soil-dwelling predators. @g`L` z2 In the meantime, farmers, homeowners, and gardeners still have to stay on top of resilient and destructive underground pests whose impact can be catastrophic. Eyeball what percentage of your area was covered was it 10%, 25%, 50%? You dont have to worry about that with nematodes. Apply nematodes in the early morning or evening to avoid desiccation and UV radiation damage. How Are Nematodes Applied? What is the best time to apply nematodes to control larvae and grubs? The eggs will hatch into first instar (phase) grubs. Nematodes move through your soil to find their prey (the target pest) using the water in the gaps between soil particles. Oro Valley, AZ 85737-9531. If you make the proper investment in your lawn it will honestly save you time and money in the future. [], The Voice for the Controlled-Environment Industry, BioSafe Systems Celebrates 25 Years of Sustainable Growth, Ryan Douglas, Ryan Douglas Cultivation LLC, How to Begin Beneficial Nematode Applications, Nematodes for Flea Control (The Definitive Guide) - Pest Strategies, Learning Opportunity: Current Status and Recommendations for Soilless Growing Media, How New LED Strategies Could Make Indoor Farming More Productive and Less Costly, ISO Group Set to Establish First U.S. Operation in Virginia, Reasons to Invest, or Not Invest, in a Vertical Farm. Lets take the example of the Japanese beetles and see the best time to apply nematodes for maximum effect. They cause root knots or galls. Only the pests need to worry. Beneficial nematodes remain effective up to 95F, but no longer parasitize prey above that. How Much Does Building a Porch Cost in 2023? Gardening Naturally Independent Garden Centres usually carry these types of nematodes. Causing small holes in the lawn. If you need to store them, it is best to store them in a refrigerator UNOPENED for no longer than 2 weeks. St. Augustinegrass ( Stenotaphrum secundatum [Walt.] The Beneficial Nematodes are shipped in an easily dissolved formulation that you mix with water. You wont need to water if it rains. Nope only in science fiction films! They hunt for and prey on the different kinds of insects. I'm hoping the Nematodes will get rid of whatever is disturbing the tree too - do grubs eat tree roots. I hope you enjoyed our (slightly gory) foray into the under-lawn world of the beneficial nematode. Some nematodes are microscopic. Insects or Irrigation? cleaning the greenhouse without chemicals, Rhododendron vine weevil Euonymus vine weevil treatment. When To Plant Oak Trees? If you use a hose attachment system, make sure the nozzle opening is at least 0.02 inches wide and any screens are removed. Avoid using pesticides on the treated area 7 days before and 7 days after nematode application. In general, you can apply nematodes in early spring once the soil is no longer frozen. The nematodes were of the lance and sting variety. Properly preparing your lawn is essential, this includes raking up any dead grass and top dressing with a good weed free topsoil or triple mix. How do I order? Many of the stockists sell them via mail order. Our pros can do it all. During this stage, theyre called infective juveniles. Spread the solution evenly over the brown patches, plus an extra foot or two. Unfortunately, soon after, no matter how many chemicals we applied, the grass continued have brown patches, and weeds began to spread rapidly. 2. If effective pest control measures are not taken immediately then you may find yourself in some deep water. Nematodes can be combined with compatible chemicals to help manage insect resistance or to compliment an existing integrated pest management program. It is recommended to leave it a couple of days after application to ensure the Nematodes have worked their way into the soil, you can then add topsoil. Gardening Naturally answer their most frequently asked questions about nematodes, including what they are, how they work and how to use them in your garden or allotment. Beneficial nematodes can live and prey on insect pests in your soil for up to 18 months after application as long as the ground doesnt freeze. Full instructions come with each pack of Nematodes. Populations of root-knot nematode increase in late-April to early-May and remain elevated through the summer months. Nematodes do not exactly speed through your soil like a Ferrari. Whatever spreading device you use, the openings should be at least millimeter wide so the nematodes can get through. Beneficial nematodes are living creatures, and theyre sensitive to extreme heat (90 degrees and up) and UV rays. Plants attacked by pest nematodes may be yellowed or have excessive branches. The nematodes need time to consume one host and reproduce, then move on to the next one and repeat the whole process over and over again for each pest. Mix this with a specific amount of water of YOUR choosing. It becomes fairly easy once you get a hang of it, particularly during later applications. You can apply beneficial nematodes to your lawn and garden with total peace of mind. One application of Nemaslug provides 300,000 nematodes for every square metre of soil, giving at least six weeks control of slugs. Just remember to mix the water in the bucket again before refilling in case the nematodes sank to the bottom. Slug Nematodes feed and multiply inside the slug until it stops feeding and disintegrates. However, dont mix two different types in one application. When you use nematodes to target the same insect type the different prey-hunting strategies have a combined effect. Continuous mixing should take place in order to prevent the nematodes from sinking to the bottom of the container. Beneficial nematodes are so safe as a means of pest control that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) doesnt even require registration for their use. Nematodes are unsegmented roundworms, different from earthworms, flatworms, and other worms that are more easily observed. The objective is to overwhelm the pest grubs with an abundance of nematodes. Couldn't see any grubs under the lawn but the lawn turned brown in patches, likely more from being disturbed from digging. Nematodes will die in direct sunlight, so tilling soil will also kill the nematodes living there. Call us at 1-800-827-2847 with questions. May 11, 2022 This, of course, is directly related to moisture, temperature and proper preparation. Pulled a full bin of weeds out, spread top soil and seed, and lawn came in very thick. Nematodes are safe to use around any plants or produce. You can apply the nematode solution using a watering can or a bucket. September to mid-October is the second, and most important, time to apply nematodes. If you explore underneath the dead grass patch with your garden spade, you can easily spot white lawn grubs in the dark soil. How many beneficial nematodes do I need? Early June: In early June, the mature grubs start to pupate in the soil. The toxins released in the process will generally kill off most of these host insects in a day or two. packaged in a sachet where they are suspended in a paste, Japanese Beetle Trap | Guide to the Japanese Beetle | Origin, Life, Impact, Bagworm Moth Caterpillar (What You Need to Know For 2021), How to Get Rid of Emerald Ash Borer Tree Removal. Lawn care is more challenging than ever for todays homeowner. d9@$b`YqH2>_" 3&30mT ! Caroline Martineau, DTA, agr. Beneficial nematodes are also perfectly safe for pets and people. Last time I cut the grass, again something dug in the lawn (like an hour after at 4pm) but since it was cut as high as possible, there is minimal damage. Full instructions come with each pack of Nematodes as they may vary slightly for different types of Nematodes. Apply early in the morning or predusk when temperatures are cooler and the sun is not as bright (UV rays harm nematodes). The second factor that you should keep in mind is timing. Set pump pressure below 300 psi and do not apply nematodes through mist nozzles with apertures of 0.5 mm. Usually two applications one in fall and one in the spring can break the cycle of grubs. After the application, wait about a week to see the first results. Taxonomically, they are classified with insects. Adding ice packs to nematode stock solutions will maintain cool temperatures and nematode viability. However, do not store them in the freezer! Some experts suggest two yearly applications, one in May and another in late August or September. Referred to as roundworms, nematodes are actually only worm cousins. This brief video from Natural Insect Control will show you how to mix nematodes on a sponge with water and how to spray them in your lawn using a hose-end sprayer: As we already mentioned, nematodes need a moist environment. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Last summer was first summer in new (first) house. The water itself isnt important its only there to act as a carrying agent to help you spread the nematodes and to help them get down into the soil where the pests are. Copyright 2023 Take a Yard. If you only do one application, it should be in September. Applied1 teaspoon of the beneficial nematodes per gallon of water. Where can you buy beneficial nematodes? 4. To read more about the different types of Nematodes we stock click here. Once you have applied them, it is generally recommended that you irrigate the grass to maximize their efficacy as the irrigation water also washes the nematodes from the grass leaves into the soil. In general, harsh winter weather in most parts of the country almost guarantees a significant decline in the population of the nematodes. How Beneficial Nematodes Control Lawn Grubs. I have mulch on top of some soil areas. Posted Apr 17th, 2017 in Autumn Gardening, Lawn Care, Spring Gardening, The Basics. Problem/Situation: We live in Orlando, and a year or so ago, we resodded the front of our lawn (about 17,000 square feet) with St. Augustine grass. Leatherjacket Nematodes seek out the leatherjackets and attack the pest by entering natural body openings, releasing bacteria that stops the pest from feeding and quickly killing the pest. This includes the Japanese beetle that is likely to devastate your grass and foliage. Keep the soil slightly moist during the first 7 days after application to help establish the nematodes in the soil. The optimal time to apply nematodes in our area depends on the weather but generally mid May and mid September. Beneficial nematodes are one of the best organic pest control options out there, and theyre easier to use than you might think. 0 The Coarse Watering Can Rose is ideal for applying Nematodes, with a 1.5mm hole size. Remove nematode tray(s) and sleeves from insulated shipping container or packaging and place in refrigerator until ready to use. When shopping for nematodes, ensure that you purchase the right one that is specific to the pest you are targeting. Referred to as roundworms, beneficial lawn nematodes are microscopic insects that control pests such as weevils, white (lawn) grubs, sod web worms, cutworms, clearwing borers, and chinch bugs. How Do I Get Rid of Nematodes? In this case, they really are the good guys and can help us rid our grass of other more harmful insect pests. Click here to view all types of our own brand and Nemasys Nematodes. Hb nematodes have special teeth to help them chew through and enter those grubs. The extreme drought paired with ineffective weed killers and a surge in grub damage has left many gardeners completely frustrated. Frequently AskedRead More Bad nematodes are about 1/50 of an inch long. Reach out and contact us directly here at Local Tree Estimates for free no-obligation estimates. Water daily if required, ensuring the soil does not dry out for at least 2 weeks. Retail Store & Corporate Office Soon after, we hired a professional landscape company to manage the lawn. Found a giant ant hill in the lawn, which I dealt with using diatomaceous earth. To avoid guesswork, you can use a soil thermometer to measure the soil temperatures. Grossed out? How Long Can Nematodes Be Kept Before Use? Nematodes packaged in an inert gel carrying material that dissolves in water. Once the Hb nematode enters the host, they inject bacteria into the grub. The third instar grubs will begin moving deeper into the soil in order to find the overwintering sites. Using nematodes is akin to launching biological warfare on the pests afflicting your plants. Sales and Customer Service: How Long Does It Take To See Results? Once opened, use the entire container within the same day. Apply the liquid with a watering can or hose attachment system. Read more >, About UsHi, I'm homeowner and property investor Larry James. Producers ship beneficial nematodes (dauers) in the form of gels, dry granules, clay, and water-filled sponges. Theses individuals would want to avoid the use of chemicals and other environmentally-unsustainable methods at all costs. You can detect signs of infestation by checking if there are any adult insects around such as the Japanese beetles. Lawn was looking patchy so spread top soil and seeded in the spring; lawn looked great. Some are good for plants and some are bad. This includes the Japanese beetle that is likely to devastate your grass and foliage. There are probably millions there already. Nematodes should be applied when grubs are actively feeding. There, they will resume their feeding on the grassroots until they reach maturity. federal premium 300 win mag 165 grain nosler partition; star tribune obituaries this week; emory university grade deflation; how to sharpen mulcher teeth; cutting grass after nematode application. Stump Removal Therefore, before you apply the beneficial nematodes to control particular insects or underground larvae, it is critical to understand the life cycle of the insect. Remember a beautiful lawn doesnt happen by itself! Irrigate the area to be treated prior to application in order to a pply the nematodes to a moist lawn. If adult insects are present, their eggs will be hatching soon. With regular nematode applications and effective pest monitoring, you can keep infestations at a low manageable level. Spray all areas that may contain pest populations. Two major factors affecting nematode efficacy is temperature and moisture. . Cutting grass after nematode application In-Between Visits TIPS: How you can after application and keep the lawn moist for at least viability of the Nematode population. This is generally enough time for seedlings and bedding plants to get well established. Nematodes are soil-dwelling predators. There are several pesticides/biopesticides recommended in the University of Florida Nematode Management in Residential Lawns . Ensure the soil is moist and the temperature is above 5C before applying the nematodes. The Japanese beetle is one of the most pervasive insects in the eastern US and also one of the best understood. Chafer Nematodes actively search for white grubs present in the root zone, the nematodes then multiply inside the grub until it decomposes. Therefore apply them at the time of the day when there is very low radiation, preferably in the evenings. You bring nematodes to life by mixing them in with a bucket of water and spraying them over your lawn. Nematodes when properly applied are a very effective method of controlling grubs. Apply nematodes as soon as possible for best product performance. Comments. Nematodes are microscopic worms that can be found in the soil. This second application replenishes the population and ensures you dont miss any spots. The right time of year to apply nematodes depends on the pest you want to target. Once this is done, click add to cart. ). Fly Eliminators - Biological Fly Control, Fly Eliminators - Customize Your Program, Parsleyworm, aka Celeryworm, aka Carrot Caterpillar, Spongy Moths (formerly known as Gypsy Moths), Sweet Potato Whitefly (Silverleaf Whitefly), Compost, Teas, Worm Castings & Insect Frass, Soil Amendments, Micronutrients & Biostimulants, Easy Organic Gardener Radio Show Archives, Informacin e Instrucciones sobre Control Biolgico de Moscas de ARBICO, Control del Escarabajo de la Papa de Colorado, Informacin de Gorgojos de la Raz de la Fresca, Control de Nemtodos de los Ndulos de la Raz, Control de la Palomilla Dorso de Diamante, Control de Plagas en Productos Almacenados. Beneficial nematodes kill individual pests within 48 hours, but it will take about two weeks for a noticeable decrease in pests. For some insect species such as leatherjackets and chafer grubs, the best time to apply nematodes is usually in April and October respectively as these months correspond to the most vulnerable parts of their life cycle. You maykeepthe package of 50 mil.nematodes in the refrigerator for up to 4 weeks upon receiving the product. Often, as the grass thins out spurge and other weeds may become prominent. Julie Graesch is a nematode field development specialist for Becker Underwood. When it comes to environmentally-friendly pest control, one of the cleanest and most effective ways of controlling pests, particularly the white grubs and other soil-based baddies, is the use of beneficial nematodes. Cannot be combined with other coupons, discounts and flash sales. I founded Take a Yard to bring you the very best outdoor living content. Adult beetles lay eggs around July. Watching a butterfly emerge from its cocoon is incredible. Nematodes are naturally-occurring multicellular and microscopic worms that prey on the grubs and larvae at various stages of development. For heavily infested areas, double the number of nematodes. If the infestation continues, apply beneficial nematodes again every seven to 10 days until the pests disappear. Soil should be between 10C and 30C during application and for at least two weeks after. Here are some beneficial nematode producers you can buy from online: Different sources suggest different application rates for nematodes. Looking at some areas now, it appears that any grass isn't well rooted where damaged, so I'm wondering if I have grubs. Note that you wont find any dead insects as evidence that nematodes are working, as the nematodes completely devour their hosts. This makes the turf more susceptible to drought and other stresses. The host insect dies within 48 hours. Remember, beneficial nematodes control soil-dwelling life stages. Make it a bright color so you can see it as it dilutes in your experiment. In this article, we will look at the mechanism of the beneficial nematodes and explain the best months and time of day to apply nematodes to control pests in your grass. Japanese Beetle Trap | Guide to the Japanese Beetle | Origin, Life, Impact Residential Services There are more than 20,000 nematode species, but the ones used for pest control are entomopathogenic nematodes aka insect-parasitic nematodes from the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. 2023 ARBICO Organics. Water: Right before you apply the nematodes, water the whole area youre going to treat. For the last number of years there has been a movement towards more eco friendly lawn seed mixtures. So, if you live in an area with harsh winters, youll likely have to start all over again with nematodes come spring. Talk to other growers, distributors, manufacturers or consultants to better understand nematode applications and limitations. %PDF-1.6 % They can move quickly in moist soil. A small amount of lawn grubs is natural. Nematodes are recommended for use whenever larvae or grubs are present. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. In the case of Japanese beetles, the best time to target them is usually when they still young and not in the late instar (phase). Managed with Tymbrel, How to Get Rid of Lawn Killing Grubs | Nematodes, Holey Houseplants | Caring for the Monstera Deliciosa Plant, Holey Houseplants | Lets Talk Leaf Fenestration. Manufacturers say that fertilizer should not be used for two weeks after a nematode application. Of bigger concern my 30+ year old ornamental tree in my yard which has been loosing leaves the past month. There is even a species of nematode that only inhabits German beer coasters. All Rights Reserved. How you mix the nematodes with water depends on how theyre packaged when you buy them. But these rates should ensure there are plenty of nematodes in your soil to tackle pest populations: Remember that youll usually need at least two applications of nematodes for effective pest control, so you may need to purchase double the suggested number of nematodes. too hot (we are around 30C daytime high)? This is how nematodes can be very effective in eliminating your grub problem. Then, around a month later, the eggs hatch into grubs. No, the area doesnt need to be clear. We recommend waiting to buy the second round until you get close to the second application date so you dont have to store the nematodes and risk some of them dying. They do this by getting into their larvae or pupae and then releasing lethal bacteria inside their bodies. New Vegetable Gardener --- No Backyard for a Garden??? After the application, water the lawn with a hose or sprinkler to help the nematodes penetrate the soil. More than 10 grubs better get busy. However, this method can also heat up water solutions and physically damage nematodes over time. Remember: Different kinds of nematodes control more than 200 pests, so this is not a complete list. Wait 15 minutes, then gently water the brown patches. Before making an application, make sure you read the label and any supporting literature. Once in the soil they work for approximately 6 weeks. Is there anything else we can do to stop the nematodes from spreading/killing our grass, or are we limited to costly measures, such as resodding, or continuous application of chemicals to the lawn? Thick lawns leave no space for weed seed to blow in and germinate. In the Japanese beetle, for example, the infective juveniles of the S. carpocapsae nematodes lie in wait and ambush highly mobile Japanese beetle larvae while the infective juveniles of the H. bacteriophora have a cruise foraging prey-hunting strategy whereby they actively move and search for the immobile insect stages that they can infect such as the overwintering pupae or grubs of the Japanese beetles that are buried in the soil. Good nematodes combat a long list of pests: weevils, white (lawn) grubs, sod web worms, cutworms, clearwing borers, and chinch bugs. Kuntze) is widely adapted to the warm, humid (subtropical) regions of the world. hbbd```b``: "$?dI Since youll water so frequently for those first 10 days, you dont want to use a lot of water, or you might drown your grass and plants. Experts say that is you have more than 5 grubs per 1 square foot of soil, then you may have a slight grub problem. 163 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<0B3D75700CD53F43B988553F59F27415><9F029560AC45BD478AEB25F8D295C97E>]/Index[145 27]/Info 144 0 R/Length 95/Prev 182243/Root 146 0 R/Size 172/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream