descriptive representation pros and cons descriptive representation pros and cons

The pros and cons of descriptive research analysis. Other hybrid approaches have been suggested for visual-spatial and model-based reasoning. New York: Verso. Learn how your comment data is processed. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Google Scholar. However, they no longer go gentle into that goodnight. New York: Oxford University Press. Vibert, F. (2007). Pros of Representative Democracy. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. Holst, C. (2014). Young, I. M. (1990). The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Bacchi, C. (1999). Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Between facts and norms. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. The theory of the politics of presence (Phillips 1995) provides reasons for expecting a link between descriptive and substantive representation. Once you have this descriptive research, you can use it to focus your next ad campaign to the right clientele. Fraser, N. (2013). 1. Lafont, C. (2006). Nimantran Patra In Marathi For Birthday, It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Copyright 2020 Chemtech Speciality India Pvt. Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. Citing Literature. Delegation of tasks to others offers the following benefits: 1. Descriptive representation is a way of thinking about representation in which it is thought to be important that representatives have the same racial, gender, ethnic, religious, or educational backgrounds as their constituents. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. Represent Women?A Contingent "Yes" Jane Mansbridge Harvard University Disadvantaged groups gain advantages from descriptive representation in at least four contexts. Saarbrcken: VDM Verlag Dr. Mller. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Enter your library card number to sign in. Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. While this observation highlights why it is impossible to include every subgroup all the time, it should not distract from the need of including ethnic and regional minorities in processes of decision-making, and certainly not be seen as a licence to exclude large groups of society. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. 5 No. Explaining Ethnic Minority Preferences in Bulgarian Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Politics at the Intersection: A Cross-National Analysis of Minority Women's Legislative Representation, Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence, Womens Representation via Parliamentary Questions (with Sven Schiltz), Regendering party politics: An introduction, Religious Identity and Descriptive Representation, THE STATE OF DEMOCRACY AND REPRESENTATION IN AUSTRALIA, Voting Locally Abstaining Nationally: Descriptive Representation, Substantive Representation and Minority Voters Turnout, Activating Human Rights and Peace: Universal Responsibility Conference 2008 Conference Proceedings, Personal Attributes and Latino Voting Behavior in Congress, Between Science and Engineering: Reflections on the APSA Presidential Task Force on Political Science, Electoral Rules, and Democratic Governance. CrossRef Using an analytical tool such as a pros-and-cons list emphasizes the objective, "just the facts" side of decision making. "American Government", OpenStax, OpenStax; Rice University. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Comparative Analysis: Information can be compared in terms of graphical representation. that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. Various reasons clarify why this is. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. Descriptive representation as an intrinsic good Theories of descriptive representation also suggest that voters may value representatives of the same race as an intrinsic good, regardless of any (perceived) substantive representation that accompanies it. Nothing bores me faster than description.. States of democracy: A gender perspective. Proportional representation (PR) is an electoral system that tries to create a representative body that better reflects all of the citizens' interests in an electorate or voting district. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. This process allows you to understand that specific set of observations. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. This conclusion is complicated by the fact that some regard equal group level outcomes not as a good in and by itself but as the best available proxy for equal opportunities given available data and conventional statistical techniques (Phillips 2004). During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. It is widely used in Europe and has both advantages and disadvantages. Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. Gender as seriality: Thinking about women as a social collective. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. A software life cycle model is a descriptive representation of the software development cycle. Such comparative analysis helps for quick understanding and attention. Pitkin, H. F. (1972). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. (pp. Tannen, D. (1994). Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. When determining whether or not legislators are representing their constituents interests, scholars using voting studies may overstate the role of strategic factors, such as reelection goals and constituent influence, while understating the effect of descriptive characteristics. You can get a decent soundbar at $200-300. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/9e28f580-0d1b-4d72-8795-c48329947ac2@1. Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. However, they also have some cons, such as low sound quality and low battery life. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment Quantitative Methodology. Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies | by AlainChabrier | IBM Data Science in Practice | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our. Theory Given that the case study focuses on an Australian MEM representative, I will use the definition of 'ethnic' by Gianni Zappala. 2. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Cornell, D. (1998). It is different from exploratory research in that it is typically more focused on a certain unknown or unproven aspect of the project. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. Descriptive statistics are functions of the sample data that are intrinsically interesting in describing some feature of the data. Peter, F. (2011). London: Routledge. representation in the U.S. House of Representatives Advantages of Proportional Representation The main advantage of PR is that it makes sure that all the views of the public are represented. Democratic legitimacy. (2014). Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision. There are a few different ways to look at this by taking a look at different minority groups and examining their struggles. Sometimes you can add a subwoofer, depending on the model. In addition, the attempts to form race-based alliances have had very little success amongst minority groups as racial similarities are not significant enough to unify different minority groups. Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 21(2). New York: Colombia University Press. Christiano, T. (2012). New York: Free Press. 518). If you are doing a comparison between two products, you might give one product an unfair advantage to get the desired results. The electoral advantage of the incumbents presents a stumbling block on the advancement of new groups into the institution. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. thanked the writer. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. Currently, forty-six African Americans serve in Congress. Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. The two main types of representation are descriptive and agency representation. 3. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. Often times in American history, unselected natural characteristics such as race and ethnicity have served as keen factors permitting unequal treatment of individuals and at creating barriers placing minority groups at a disadvantage when attempting to practice influence over the government. West European Politics, 36(3), 447473. MMP will give voters more power in their decisions as well as create the kind of democratic government Canada is in dire need of. Kymlicka, W. (1993). For example, you work for a television station and want to understand your viewers better. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Swain, C. M. (1993). As countries become more and more divers, they are looking for better understanding on descriptive representation and the driving force in regards to the minorities within their nation state. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in 3. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. 1. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, This advantage makes it possible to determine if outcomes are viable. Part of Springer Nature. The three worlds of welfare capitalism. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. A vast literature debates the efficacy of descriptive representation in legislatures. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. They also have some other benefits over traditional headphones. (2002). The representation of women in Australia: Meaning and make-believe. Hernes, H., & Skjeie, H. (1997). Ironic to think that is how one is taught to act but stereotypes are now bigger than ever right? Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crenshaw, K. (1991). The changing nature of European equality regimes. Profiles: Google Scholar, Dataverse, OSF, R-Forge, Mastodon, YouTube, Libra.unine.ch, (Figshare), (SSRN), (Kudos). Here are the major reasons for using graphics to highlight the pros & cons: Show the pluses and minuses of specific options. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. (1998). When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. Minow, M. (1991). The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . . Defending equality of outcome. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. This helps to avoid wastage of time. Prescriptive and descriptive theorists differ on their approach to instruction. Many advances in womens rights have been the result of womens greater engagement in politics and representation in the halls of government, especially since the founding of the National Organization for Women in 1966 and the National Womens Political Caucus (NWPC) in 1971. In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. By conducting research and engaging with faculty and students at Harvard Kennedy School and beyond, the fellows enrich the intellectual life of the center. Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. In B. Grofman et al. New York: Oxford University Press. Both descriptive and inferential statistics help make sense out of row after row of data! As one Black representative to the U.S. Congress told Carol Swain, "One of the advantages, and disadvantages, of representing blacks is their shameless loyalty to their incumbents. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. While descriptive statistics are used to present raw data in an accurate way, inferential statistics are used to apply inferences derived from a data sample to the larger data population. At the heart of freedom: Feminism, sex & equality. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. Secondly, response rate is low in this research. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. October 2004. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The institutional basis of democratic accountability. Feminizing politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). Hernes, H. (1987). The debate about whether grades help or hinder student learning is as old as the U.S. grading system itself, dating back to the late 1800s. PR may encourage turn-out and reduce apathy. (2012). / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. Perhaps youve even made it yourself. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. (Eds.). in or register, Struggles to expand the breadth of political and civil rights in the United States have been critical to fostering greater inclusion and equality for racial/ethnic minorities in America. Democracy and the new separation of powers. One of the critical factors in understanding why a few blocks are preferable at controlling wrongdoing over others needs to do with open communities connections among individuals in the area. Thirdly and lastly, I will outline the implications that descriptive and substantive representation have on MEM representatives and voters, and the lessons learnt from studying Ngo as a MEM political representative. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? Post- 2000 redistricting created more majority-Latino districts, although the absolute number of Latino legislators did not increase correspondingly. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Equality of opportunity. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. 1. Lovenduski, J. For example, Patsy Mink (D-HI), the first Asian American woman elected to Congress, was the coauthor of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, Title IX of which prohibits sex discrimination in education. Get full access to this article. This form of representation is called descriptive representation. Collecting the data from different different organizations in the specific forms of data collection. Acta Politica, 4, 389403. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. Representing Diversity. Subject materials can be evaluated with greater detail. While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. Main Research Question. Caption. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Pros of Representative Democracy. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. Institutionalizing intersectionality. Even though the movie broke some barriers, Disney and other film companies still have more progress to make to adequately represent their viewers. Moreover, to date, few minority legislators have been elected from districts that do not contain a high percentage of minority constituents. In N. Fraser & A. Honneth (Eds. data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. You do not currently have access to this chapter. Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturalism. Firms, boards and gender quotas: Comparative perspectives. Sound bars have many pros, and they're the right choice for most people: Sound is still way better than integrated speakers. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. As Shaw and McKay, found out that the rates of crime were not evenly spread out across areas of the city, and around the city. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. Summarize a large amount of data in a visual, easily interpretable form Make trends easier to highlight than tables do it helps in studying patterns over long period of time it is used to compare data sets. Feminism, epistemology and morality. 3. (1993) have developed a system consisting of a propositional and depictorial partonomy (organization of parts) for reasoning, where the depictorial partonomy reflects the hierarchy proposed in representations for visual processes. It is based on the belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in key demographic characteristics as gender, ethnicity, or religion. Sloman (1985) has also argued the pros and cons of analogical representations, and has concluded that a variety of representation formalismsincluding those specialized for spatial reasoningare important to AI problem solving. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. Democracy With Adequate Representation. The Oxford Handbook of the American Congress, Behavioral Approaches to the Study of Congress, Formal Approaches to the Study of Congress, Touching the Bones: Interviewing and Direct Observational Studies of Congress, Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development, Campaign Finance in Congressional Elections, Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests, Theories of representation and the link between descriptive and substantive representation, Descriptive representation and the constituentrepresentative link, Descriptive representation and substantive representation of group interests, Voting behavior and representation of minority interests, Beyond voting behavior: Exploring the link between descriptive and substantive representation throughout the legislative process, Descriptive representatives and vigorous advocacy for group interests, The importance of institutional and partisan dynamics, Critical mass and institutional influence on descriptive representation, Critical mass and institutional power in congress, Leadership differences in substance and style, Congressional Institutions and Procedures, Managing Plenary Time: The U.S. Congress in Comparative Context, The Ties That Bind: Coalitions in Congress, The Development of Congressional Elections, The Development of the Congressional Committee System, Sectionalism and Congressional Development, Congress and the Executive Branch: Delegation and Presidential Dominance, The Amorphous Relationship between Congress and the Courts, Reflections on the Study of Congress 19692009, ' Descriptive Representation: Understanding the Impact of Identity on Substantive Representation of Group Interests', in George C. 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