We dont have to reject science and technology completely theyre not the real problem. The last time Pluto was in Aquarius the hot air balloon was invented! This era saw the schism between the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches become permanent, and many churches were built in England, such as at Westminster and Winchester. Innovations of the time include block printing in Europe, imported from China, and the invention of spectacles in 1290. No more humans. When Saturn dominates, he leaves these kinds of habitual patterns in his wake, these same old, same old ways of living and perceiving and thinking we often call normal. In the case of Western culture, the same old (emphasis on the old) now wins elections and awards and tops best-seller charts. See https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/26/theater/lois-smith-wins-tony-award.html, Lois Smith is the oldest performer to win a Tony. This era saw the expansion of cultural trade routes across Eurasia and into Europe. It promises to be a challenging and revolutionary time that will turn society upside down. They represent the beginning of a new historical stage of and the initial form of a new political culture . Many things will change over the coming years and we can expect our relationship with technology to be radically transformed, but probably not in the ways were imagining now. so if you want to change society, you have to change yourself and not at the behest of some technocrat! Published in: The Mountain Astrologer, Capricorn Sol 2022/23. Thus, where Leo brings us into relationship with the center of things like a king or queen at the center of their kingdom Aquarius moves us away from the center, among the people, the citizens of the kingdom, and beyond. Rummage in thearchives hereor exploremy books. The intra-psychic thing is kind of mentioned in the post, although not named as such. Looking back, in 1543, while Pluto moved through the sign of Aquarius, Nicolaus Copernicus published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the revolutions of the celestial spheres), announcing his astronomical discovery that the Sun does not, in fact, revolve around the Earth (as it had always seemed to do), but rather, the Earth revolves around the Sun. Pluto's most recent visit to Aquarius occurred during an era of revolution among several countries around the world. Also you say that there is likely to be a social and technological revolution, so what about an intra-psychic one? Pluto, the great transformer, can revitalize your friendships in a deep and noticeable way. That means things wont change unless we change. See https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Count-Down/Shanna-H-Swan/9781982113674, Count Down. He prospered as a composer, and in 1782 completed the opera Die Entfhrung aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the Seraglio), which premiered on 16 July 1782 and achieved considerable success. The Industrial Revolution was in full swing having got under way during Pluto in Capricorn. It's worth noting that both Pluto and Aquarius have "fixed" attributes. Mar 23, 2023 at 8:13 AM Pluto enters Aquarius. In Sierra Leone, a settlement was founded for freed slaves in 1787. See https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/us/politics/joe-biden-age-oldest-presidents.html, Biden Is the Oldest President to Take the Oath. On May 5, 1789, revolution broke out in France, with Pluto at 19 Aquarius. All facts of the French Revolution found in this section come from this series of lectures. See https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/apr/26/anthony-hopkins-is-oldest-ever-oscar-winner-after-taking-best-actor-for-the-father, Anthony Hopkins is oldest-ever acting Oscar winner after taking best actor for The Father. When Pluto last transited Aquarius between 1778 and 1798, before humankind was even aware of the Pluto influence, the Aquarian cries for independence, liberty and equality triggered political and social upheaval evidenced by the Revolutionary War in America and the French Revolution in France. The American Revolution was between 1765 . (Pluto has an elliptical orbit that can cause Pluto to stay in any one sign for between 14 and 33 years.) Astro-Databank, the world-wide unique collection of more than 35`000 chart data is online but also all the chart drawings and thousands of biographies. Underneath the king was the aristocracy, the nobility, living in luxury, receiving special status before the law, paying very few taxes or no taxes at all, and making up 1% of the population. And, Uranus is the modern planet that rules Aquarius. Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800, and he codified many Germanic tribal laws. Proud Member of: Mediavine Publisher Network Architectural Digest 2018 - Star Sign Style. Aquarius is the sign which rules groups and friends. While the reality of what Pluto in Aquarius will look like remains to be seen, intimations of its ingress currently percolate in our collective and personal lives via Saturns presence in Aquarius. And in 2023, Pluto will move from Capricornus into Aquarius, from a no-nonsense, pragmatic, authoritative and superstructure-focused sign, to a rational, innovative, more humanitarian and liberal-equal position . and this influenced composition styles. Perhaps the French Revolution yielded to two years of the Reign of Terror because the Water of Life dried up, resigning the culture over to harsh conditions and death. The word "revolution" is itself related to the sign of Aquarius in astrology. Pluto last visited Aquarius from 1778 to 1798, right as the United States began its first wobbly steps as a nation. The Enlightenment saw the emergence of a plethora of new ideas, philosophies, and fresh possibilities for how human beings can thrive in society and live happy lives. Utilitarianideas took off and fed into the discussion around welfare and how to maximise happiness for the majority. Brotherhood and sisterhood. Iconic in the early days of the revolution was the Storming of the Bastille, the enormous fortress prison built in the 1300s by the French monarchy to hold its enemies. The outer planets Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto all moved through Leo during much of the 20th century, as did Saturn. About The Mountain Astrologer 22. But dont wait around for freedom to fall into your lap. Pluto in Aquarius represents a make-it-or-break-it moment toward that destiny. The next transit was in 305 329 during the reign of Constantine in Rome. In a stunning move, on August 4, 1789, the nobility surrendered their privilege, followed on August 26 by the creation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the first attempt at writing a constitution for France, advocating for every citizens right to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. The revolution grew unwieldy, unstable, and uncertain, eventually yielding to the Terror in 179394, with its infamous guillotine. Society is made of individuals like you! On January 20, 2021, Joe Biden became the oldest sitting president of the United States at age 78. RT @supermoongirl9: it made me want to look at the exact chart of the start of the French Revolution and saturn was in pisces, pluto in aquarius and there was a jupiter-uranus conjunction (in leo) but we'll have soon a jupiter-uranus conjunction in taurus next year LMFAO let's see what happens. A new era is dawning - we will see Pluto in Aquarius from March 2023 (until early June, after which it retrogrades back in to Capricorn). Last passage of Pluto in Aquarius (1778-1800) caused events like the French Revolution 1789 and the American Revolution. Add These Dates to Your G-Cal March 7: Full Moon in Virgo and Saturn enters PiscesMarch 16: Venus enters Taurus March 20: Aries season beginsMarch 21: New Moon in AriesMarch 23: Pluto enters AquariusMarch 25: Mars enters CancerWe're only a few mont The first great modern cycle of revolution came to its climax in the French Revolution. If youd like to support my work, you can donate via PayPal here, or hit the button. The political left elite are using mind control to divide people by race, gender,and even what people do and eat. This was when William Blake enrolled as a student with the Royal Academy of Arts at Somerset House in London. In all, Pluto will spend between 19 and 20 years in the sign. The Mountain Astrologer is widely acknowledged as the best He also standardised the imperial weights and measures in 1305, although they were continuously tweaked after that. For example, the number of people I have spoken with that tell me they cant wait for life to get back to normal is astounding. It is fixed air versus cardinal earth. 17891799: French Revolution, andThe Lige Revolution, sometimes known as the Happy Revolution, and The Brabant Revolution. Learn how your comment data is processed. Thank you! 'Equality, Liberty and Fraternity' was the Aquarian catch cry of the day. During the cycle of Pluto in Aquarius the French Revolution and also the American revolutionary wars highlighted the impact of an Aquarian Pluto on human history. If science is the STEM, fairy tales are the roots, the archetypal roots. The work was soon being performed throughout German-speaking Europe,[50] and thoroughly established Mozarts reputation as a composer. Pluto in Aquarius, 2023 - 2044. They also move us through the winter season in the Northern hemisphere, beginning with Capricorn initiating the winter solstice, the deepest, darkest, longest night of the year, following the Suns long descent to its lowest point. Aquarius isnt as objective as it thinks it is and can get caught in groupthink and fanaticism. #plutoaquarius, #astrology, #2023-2044 #plutoaquarius2023-2044, #wethepeople, We are making a huge collective shift starting in March 2023 and lasting until . Pluto in Aquarius - where does transformation need to occur regarding the accumulation of all that knowledge? , Jah & Jahes love. The French Revolution is an event timed with Plutos last tour of Aquarius. Shawn is a graduate of the CMED Institute in Chicago, where he studied archetypes and symbolism with Caroline Myss. Guarantee! As for the other 20%, we had better get ready for history to repeat itself. As Pluto moves through the final degrees of Saturn-ruled Capricorn, to use a phrase from Emily Dickinson, this is the Hour of Lead. Fueled by Pluto's passion, they are determined to make it happen come hell or highwater. For the purposes of this article and exploring the themes of Pluto in Aquarius, the French Revolution provides rich material. In the world so far, Im the greatest star! But before you can do that, you have to understand who you are and why youre here. We may finally see the back of the Big Bang Theory and the nonsense of dark matter. Toni Morrison, The Source of Self-Regard: Essays, Speeches, and Meditations, Alfred A. Knopf, 2019, p. 17. 23. The narrative of this country is inverting, leading to a new beginning or a final end . There is a theme here. Innovations of the time include movable printing type invented in China in 1045, and the use of the astrolabe which spread into Europe from Islamic countries and India. Pluto in Aquarius means the power shifts to the people and society at large, rather than a small group that dominates from the top down. Proud Member of: Parallel to the aristocracy were the clergy, also making up 1% of the population. The Industrial Revolution was also picking up speed and steam power was revolutionising transport and the textile industry. And that means its shadow side gets pretty murky. Center that holds: Aquarius by Dorothe, Pluto by Peter Lomas, both via Pixabay. Paintings during the Enlightenment were realistic portraits aimed at depicting the external world with accuracy and precision based on careful observation. The focus shifts from the center to the margins, of society and psyche. References: First, let's talk about Aquarius. 16. This will be its first time since the passing of the 18 th century. For more on the Pluto archetype read: Pluto Keywords and Pluto Myths. Pluto in Aquarius 2023-2044: Power to the People One of the most anticipated transits of the decade is Pluto in Aquarius. 15. Right now there is social unrest all over the place. Before we get into that, lets explore some of the changes from previous transits of Pluto in Aquarius, some of which also lined up with either Neptune in Aries or Uranus in Gemini. This may be fun for a while, but it makes you dependent on a technology (and science) that you dont understand and cant control. In this way, each fairy tale from any culture (especially your own culture) can be like a small, epic instruction manual for life, like how Robert Bly in the early 1990s used the Grimm fairy tale Iron John to launch what became the workshops and gatherings of the mens movement of the time. Unfortunately, it failed and Boudicca was killed. James Hillman, Re-Visioning Psychology, Harper, 1975, p. xix. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_(film), 13th (film). As pointed out earlier in this article, certain dynamics the presence of the Old Man, for example, and fertility issues are reminiscent of fairy tales. If we step outside of the scientific frame, outside of the evidence-based research and all-too-convincing facts, we may find imaginative solutions to human problems. Now when Pluto goes into Aquarius this is in a completely different energy and area of life that will be emphasized. However, we still have slavery today. That is what happens by archetypal design when Pluto moves through Aquarius. 17. With the planet of destruction moving . Where Leo is a Sun-ruled sign, Aquarius is ruled by Saturn. . iconic revolutionary events such as the first industrial revolution, the American Revolution and the French Revolution occurred in . See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_(film), Old (film). In 1543, however, this was rather extraordinary! 1781, Mozart with his sister and father, and on the wall a portrait of his deceased mother. Fishbowl: Ahmed Zayan, via Unsplash. Last time Pluto was in Aquarius, between 1778 and 1798, was a time of social, political and scientific revolution, and there is no reason to think this upcoming period won't be the same. Over the course of the first five years of the revolution, French society and its long, traditional history were pulled up by the archetypal roots. Saturn in Aquarius: Social Reform and Identity Politics, Astrological Shifts 2023: What To Expect for Each Sign - TheAnotherPost, March 2023 to November 2024: Plutos slow final grind from Capricorn to Aquarius | Writing from the Twelfth House, Astro Diary: Pluto transiting Capricorn in the 12th house, Battlestar Galactica: Part 3 All This Will Happen Again, Battlestar Galactica: Part 2 So Say We All. What might this have to do with Pluto in Aquarius? Itll shake itself apart and implode under the weight of its own madness and inherent contradictions. James Watts' improved steam engine revolutionised production. More here: Active Hope and a New Kind of Power. We can begin to see how profoundly domineering Saturns rule is over our ways of life as a culture. at and can be used for free! . As an Aquarian astrologer (with Saturn conjunct my sun and lots of Capricorn in my chart!) Pluto will transit Aquarius from 2023 to 2044, spending about 18 and a half years there in total, with a few dips in and out at either end. As I write, it's at 26.47 Capricorn. Pluto will enter Aquarius in 2024, and Uranus will have its own Pluto return (that is, when Pluto returns to 6 Aquarius like it did when Uranus was discovered) in 2027. . Aquarius has a dark side and we are seeing it. Let that sink in. As I've said Aquarius is very revolutionary energy and it doesn't put up with or abuses of power, authority or idiocy. Humanity needs to become more self-empowered and stop living like children/slaves. Well said! 13. . In the US, the Slave Trade Act of 1794 prohibited American ships from engaging in the slave trade, but it wasnt fully abolished until Pluto was in Pisces. Due to its elliptical orbit, the time spent in each of the 12 signs is not uniform, ranging . However, if we begin from the perspective of the winter solstice as they did in ancient Mesopotamia Aquarius is the second sign, following Capricorn. In the early 1780's Massachusetts abolished slavery. The first African slaves were brought to the New World in 1525 during Pluto in Capricorn. topics. Pluto in Aquarius, on the other hand, will represent the beginning of a communal and technological revolution that will unfold over the next few decades. When Pluto enters Aquarius we can expect the desire for reform and revolution to grow, especially in the areas of science and technology and how society is organised. They will have liberty, or they will have death. It almost sounds as if its out of a fairy tale: a king and queen, in their castle, unable to conceive a child. In the enchanting 2009 fable-film The Secret of Kells, 25 a young son finds himself leaving his father and the safe walls of the city, and heading into the surrounding forest at the outer limits of the kingdom. A breakthrough in some form of free energy would achieve this. Dr. Desan poses perhaps the most significant question to be asked at such a moment in history, a question most pertinent to Plutos time in Aquarius: How do you wrench the modern out of the old? If Pluto in Capricorn means the transformation of social structures, corporations, authority, and the established hierarchy, then Pluto in Aquarius will bring about the transformation of the rules and social norms that bind society together, as well as our ideas about humanity, and how we use science and technology to manifest those ideas. But first, all the problems with these things will have to come to the surface. Past experience associates this phase with an upsurge of more significant rebellions than usual and a flowering of inventions. For all the oppression that we may experience up until this point, we can be sure that this will be a period of revolution and uprising. 1788: First French Quaker community established in Congnies new communities set-up. And these are revolutionary landmarks that still serve as the very foundation of our . But Denmark was the first nation to abolish the slave trade in 1792. Surrounded by time, we get caught and confined in the spirit of the times. Sep 1, 2024 at 8:10 PM Pluto Rx enters . The point may not be to strengthen the existing center, but rather in Plutos preferred style to descend, to go deeper and deeper and deeper inside. Pluto will stop at 0 degrees in Aquarius from March through June, 2023, before a brief final tour of Capricorn. Its modern ruler is Uranus, its traditional ruler is Saturn (which never made sense to me). Saturn rules over aging, mortality, time, and the limits of our human lives. . The French Revolution is an event timed with Pluto's last tour of Aquarius. It also makes you passive and easy to manipulate hence the attraction to this fantasy in the powers that be., This technocratic worldview isnt going to survive much longer. When the king and queen in their castle, in the center of the kingdom, are unable to conceive a child, the solution comes when the Water of Life a symbol for the renewing potential of the imagination is found outside of the kingdom. The seeds of the revolution were sown throughout a large part of the 18th century during the historical period known as the Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason, a period that has its own roots in the Scientific Revolution (from Plutos previous time in Aquarius). When planets move through Aquarius, the focus turns to the edges. While the Declaration of Independence was born in the late degrees of Pluto in Capricorn, it's important to note that the US colonists continued to war with the British through the early years of Pluto's journey into Aquarius. He was not active in any well-established political party. November 19, 2024 - March 8, 2043. These are big questions and they require bigger answers than were currently giving them. Continuing this theme and going deeper into the Saturnian nature of Capricorn and its hold throughout the globe, on February 23, 2021, Shanna Swan, PhD, published her book Count Down: How Our Modern World is Threatening Sperm Counts, Altering Male and Female Reproductive Development, and Imperiling the Future of the Human Race. And I want to add that the first enslaved Africans were brought to Hispaniola (Ayiti/Haiti and the Dominican Republic) in 1503. A new book called Count Down, by Shanna Swan finds that sperm counts have dropped almost 60% since 1973. On 14 July, 1789 they stormed the Bastille, starting the French Revolution. Listen for your rising sign, most acc. (Note: walls.) 12. First, going back a long way, the Romans invaded Britain in 43 CE when Pluto was in Capricorn, and founded the city of London. Real change is archetypal change, at the archetypal level. The last time Pluto was in Aquarius, there was the French Revolution. It not only contains birth data, (3). There is a reason we have a depth psychology and no height or width or length psychology. Perhaps the next radical revolution will be an inner revolution, each individual finding within themselves a new center that can hold. Interestingly, Neptune was also in Aries at the time, and Saturn was opposing Uranus. :..we can be sure therell be no sudden shift into a liberal and progressive paradise of freedom and equality. That is because the modern left is about fascism, censorship, and totalitarian big brother Govt. Typically, Aquarius is seen as the penultimate sign of the zodiac, just before Pisces and the imminent renewal of the cycle that begins with Aries at the spring equinox. Along with the Old Man, it is again as if out of a fairy tale: the king has gotten old, dried up, wrinkled, desiccated, needing the Water of Life for renewal and revivification. Pluto In Aquarius Predictions Revolution & New Communities. 17911795: George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition voyage of exploration, made contact with five continents, discovering humanities. His writing has been published in WellBeing Astrology Guide (Australia) and The Mountain Astrologer. The French Revolution of 1793 had a dramatic effect and not just in France, though this was partially due to Pluto being opposition Uranus. It has been said that only three percent of the people need to get it for revolution to happen, we are way past those three percent already. Obviously, technology doesnt have to be used in these unbalanced ways. (13) In an altogether astonishing article about the book entitled, Plummeting sperm counts, shrinking penises: toxic chemicals threaten humanity, published in The Guardian on May 18, 2021, consumer advocate and environmental activist Erin Brockovich wrote, The end of humankind? When Neptune moved through Leo in the 1920s, the Golden Age of Hollywood lit up the silver screen with movies centered around their celebrities, their stars. Saturn governs what we typically think of as cold, hard reality real reality. Largely unrecognised during his life, he was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. In Britain, the Houses of Lords and Commons were founded and parliament gained the right of taxation. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrounded_by_Time, Surrounded by Time. This was when the Enlightenment reached its peak and the ideas of individualism and rationalism were spreading. Yeah, people are going to be shocked when things dont go back to normal. Plasma physics and new theories of consciousness could radically alter how we see reality, providing solutions we cant even imagine now. I learned a lot thanks for including the historical information. Again, this is Pluto in Aquarius to a T - a very real 'power of the people'. From the very beginning, the French Revolution was a social revolution, notes scholar Suzanne M. Desan, PhD. The deprogramming will probably involve massive disillusionment and it wont be pretty. The zodiac sign it passes through, shows where all the control is. Fairy tales have an archetypal makeup that speaks to the soul in the language of story. Personally, I think the last 20 years has been the worst in my entire life. This creates distortions, such as the transhumanist fantasy of solving the problem of human nature by turning it into a machine. Hi Jessica, thanks for the good read! Pluto dips toes in Aquarius from March 23, 2023 till June 11, 2023, handiest on 0. Pluto will transit Aquarius from 2023 to 2044, spending about 18 and a half years there in total, with a few dips in and out at either end. Pluto in Aquarius is likely to dredge all the corruption in science to the surface and reveal the fantasy behind our technological obsessions. To begin to answer these questions, it is of note that both Grimm brothers, Jacob and Wilhelm, were born with Pluto in Aquarius. Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792. Center cannot hold: Background image by Bronisaw Drka, Pluto by Peter Lomas, Aquarius glyph by Tanya, all via Pixabay. See https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/antidepressants-market-105017, Antidepressants Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impact Analysis. You summed it all up very well. Pluto shows power in astrology. Jupiter Saturn Conjunction the start of a new age? It will then ingress back into Capricorn in June 2023 for a final hurrah of a few months before finally moving into Aquarius on 24th January 2024, where it will remain for another 20 years. Like the Industrial Revolution before it, the AI Revolution will reduce employment opportunities in the short term while improving people's lives in the long run. The last time Pluto was in Aquarius was the time of the French Revolution and within a year of the American Revolution, April 1777 to December 1798. But they wont give up their power easily. Then again, we might get bounced into changing by the environment, which could also separate the elite from their power. Pluto in Aquarius, on the other hand, will represent the beginning of a communal and technological revolution that will unfold over the next few decades. We are, like Tom Jones, surrounded by time, which is to say we are surrounded by Saturn, the ruler of Capricorn. Perhaps well see a revolution in politics with new parties that represent the people rather than the ruling classes. It moves us outward to the periphery, the fringes, the margins, all things ex-centric. He seized the assets of the Church in the dissolution of the monasteries in 1536, and this break with Rome triggered endless fisticuffs between Protestants and Catholics. Following the trajectory we are on, Swans research suggests sperm counts could reach zero by 2045. And let the rest of the world move over to where I was. published by the Mountain Astrologer, 2022/23, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/us/politics/joe-biden-age-oldest-presidents.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrounded_by_Time, https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/apr/26/anthony-hopkins-is-oldest-ever-oscar-winner-after-taking-best-actor-for-the-father, https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/apr/26/oscars-2021-winners-the-full-list-academy-awards, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/26/theater/lois-smith-wins-tony-award.html, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/13/science/william-shatner-space.html, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/03/opinion/baby-boomers-gen-x-us-politics.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Man_(TV_series), https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Count-Down/Shanna-H-Swan/9781982113674, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/mar/18/toxic-chemicals-health-humanity-erin-brokovich, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/09/theater/tony-awards.html, https://gameofthrones.fandom.com/wiki/Wall, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_(film), https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/antidepressants-market-105017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melencolia_I, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/mar/28/poem-of-the-week-after-great-pain-by-emily-dickinson, https://www.amazon.com/gp/video/detail/B00P3PPG56/ref=atv_hm_hom_1_c_lZOsi7_2_1, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_Kells. Rather than assuming that every solution must be technological, we should be focusing our innovative energies on rethinking how we live together in society. As Virgil reminds us in The Aeneid, to climb back to the upper air there the struggle, there the labor lies. Aquarius is an intellectual air sign that trades in ideas and innovation. With its focus on reason and rational thought, the Enlightenment began to seriously question the role of religion and the church in society, ultimately aiming to separate church and state and promote ideas of social progress, liberty, tolerance, and equality. Depending upon what happens in the years before Pluto changes signs, we may see an uprising and rebellion against the oppression that has taken hold in some parts of the world under Capricorn. Because Pluto takes 248 years to orbit the Sun, it takes a long time to fully enter a new sign. Virginia was the first US State to ban the import of slaves in 1778. In 2023, Pluto will first change to Aquarius for about three months, and then return to Capricorn for a little more than seven months. The United States Constitution was ratified early into that Pluto in Aquarius transit. 17851795: The Northwest Indian War is fought between the United States and Native Americans. The King was executed at the guillotine on January 21, 1793. Pluto last traveled through Aquarius from 1777-1796, a period which witnessed the American revolution, the French revolution, the Industrial revolution in England.
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