Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). As the dose increases, people report feeling sedated. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. The amount of sleep we get varies across the lifespan. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. Homeostasis (article) | Human body systems | Khan Academy Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia - Verywell Mind As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. This treatment option has proven to be effective for people suffering from mild to severe cases of sleep apnea (McDaid et al., 2009). (a) Delta waves, which are low frequency and high amplitude, characterize (b) slow-wave stage 3 and stage 4 sleep. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Thus, K-complexes might serve as a bridge to higher levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environments (Halsz, 1993; Steriade & Amzica, 1998). Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. Research indicates that meditation may help reduce blood pressure, and the American Heart Association suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, although there is not sufficient data for a recommendation to be made (Brook et al., 2013). Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Dopamine activity is often associated with reward and craving; therefore, drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. What Is Inflammation? Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. As we grow older, we sleep less. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Nasal Congestion: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment - MedicineNet Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Some can cause heightened sensitivity to physical stimuli. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. Sore throat. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. The clock sets itself with light information received through projections from the retina. If we have biological rhythms, then is there some sort ofbiological clock? While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). Recently, a new EPAP (expiratory positive air pressure) device has shown promise in double-blind trials as one such alternative (Berry, Kryger, & Massie, 2011). One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. a - a mole that looks cancerous. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. . In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). 1. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. Causes. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. As scary as it sounds, many sleep researchers believe that homicidal sleepwalking is possible in individuals suffering from the types of sleep disorders described below (Broughton et al., 1994; Cartwright, 2004; Mahowald, Schenck, & Cramer Bornemann, 2005; Pressman, 2007). The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. It is quite possible that sleep serves no single universally adaptive function, and different species have evolved different patterns of sleep in response to their unique evolutionary pressures. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. Reduced urine. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). Narcoleptic episodes take on other features of REM sleep. A) managed care Given the average life expectancy for U.S. citizens falls between 73 and 79 years old (Singh & Siahpush, 2006), we can expect to spend approximately 25 years of our lives sleeping. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. They were ALL my fault. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Shock: Signs, Causes, and Types - Healthline (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. . Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). c. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. Weakness and fatigue. How the brain's internal states affect decision-making Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. This is of such concern that people who are trying to overcome addiction to these substances should only do so under medical supervision. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general.
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