Christoph Markschies und Jens Schrter (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck 2012), 6089; Kok, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 5253; Gregory, Gospel according to the Hebrews, 181. Several theories have been offered to account for why the toll collector Levi was re-named Matthew in Matthew 9:9 (cf. Nevertheless, it is conceivable that the two verses in Matthew 9:9 and 10:3 were the basis for why this Gospel was later ascribed to Matthew. News and Interpretations on the Bible and Ancient Near East History. The final option is that a non-extant Jewish Gospel stands behind Papiass reference to Matthews oracles or, at least, the New Testament Gospel that bears the name Matthew was mixed up with a Jewish Gospel circulating in Papiass milieu. It's unclear why Matthew/Levi was called by both names. I also was allowed by the Nazarenes who use this volume in the Syrian city of Beroea to copy it. Jerome: De viris inlustribus (On Illustrious Men), chapter III. Matthews Gospel has more quotations from and allusions to the Old Testament than any other New Testament author. Many think that just as Simon was named Peter (the rock) by the Lord, Levi was likewise renamed Matthew (the gift of God) by Jesus. After Jesus grants Peter the keys to the kingdom (see below), Jesus explains . Vose Seminary The other Eleven were ordinary men. In this post, let us take a deeper . 3.1.1). Matthew belonged to a family of tax gatherers, or publicans, but was himself a customs collector in Capernaum, where he lived. James son of Alphaeus is traditionally identified as James the Less and James the brother of Jesus. [7] Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony, 2nd ed. [18] Josef Krzinger and Robert Gundry have tried to line up Papiass testimony with the academic consensus. T/F, 4. Levi meaning joined and the name Matthew meaning gift of Yahweh.. The important take-away from this detour through the Patristic testimonies was that the oldest tradition was that the evangelist Matthew published a text in Aramaic and left it to more qualified translators to translate it into the form that we have today as the Greek Gospel according to Matthew. Tax collectors were hated by the Jews. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2017), 1089; cf. While Jesus was having dinner at Matthews house, many tax collectors and sinners came and ate with him and his disciples. Levi asked Jesus to come to dinner at his home. According to Luke 5:29, the aforementioned dinner was given by Levi in his house after his call. Sextus Julius AfricanusWhy Did The Magi Come ? 5.10.3; Clement, in h.e. ill. 3) and, after comparing it to the textual fragments that he received from Jewish Christ-followers living in Beroea known as the Nazarenes, would translate the entire work. Q. 2. Or Levi was having a lot of friends over for dinner that night and asked Jesus if He would come, too. High priest Aaron and his sons were descendants of Levi (Exodus 4:14), Levi being a son of Jacob (Genesis 29:34). The account in the three Synoptics is identical, the vocation of Matthew-Levi being alluded to in the same terms. Mark 2:1, 1314). He was thirty-one years old and married and had four children. Levi had to keep very accurate records. The Gospel of Mark at the beginning of this article is not the only Gospel which gives an account of the calling of the tax collector Levi aka Matthew. Jesus went out again by the sea. See Krtner, Papias, 2045; Bart D. Ehrman, Jesus and the Adulteress NTS 34 (1988): 2444, 29; Philipp Vielhauer and Georg Strecker, Jewish Christian Gospels, in New Testament Apocrypha I: Gospels and Related Writings, ed. Ward Powers, The Progressive Publication of Matthew: An Explanation of the Writing of the Synoptic Gospels (Nashville: B&H Publishing Group, 2010), 2829. He was honored that His Lord considered him such a gift, But as Levi he had immediately joined his life to Jesus and His Mission. But lets hear Matthews own account of his calling: As Jesus went on from there, he saw a man named Matthew sitting at the tax collectors booth. Legend differs as to the scene of his missions and as to whether he died a natural death or a martyrs. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Christ redeemed the priesthood of Levi back unto himself and redeemed Matthew the . He was included as one of the Evangelists according to the Christian tradition. [36] Ultimately, the identification of Matthews oracles with Q or M may depend on a given scholars acceptance or not of the Four Source theory as classically formulated. 4 Macc 12:7; 16:15; Acts 21:40; 22:2; 26:14; Josephus, A.J. Mark 3:18). Wilhelm Schneemelcher, trans. If these are all references to the same James, that would make James son of Alphaeus the author of the Book of James and one of the three men Paul called "pillars" of the church. T/F. Luke, also, describes his calling: After this, Jesus went out and saw a tax collector by the name of Levi sitting at his tax booth. When the teachers of the law who were Pharisees saw him eating with the sinners and tax collectors, they asked his disciples: Why does he eat with tax collectors and sinners?, On hearing this, Jesus said to them, It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. had his name changed from Levi to Matthew likely by Jesus Himself who changed Simon's name to Peter. Jesus' death by crucifixion was the worst death that anybody would have to endure. Matthias was the only one who was not chosen by Jesus . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 4. 47:13-15), yet God . Hence, Eusebius corrected Irenaeus by substituting the Gospel according to the Hebrews as the Ebionitess preferred Gospel (h.e. ill. 3; Tract. Clement, str. There is no indication that Matthew wrote anything (contra John 21:24; Gos. Papiass notice that Matthew addressed a Palestinian Jewish audience in their own vernacular language (i.e., Aramaic) was repeated in subsequent Patristic literature (e.g., Irenaeus, As for Jerome, he boasted that he translated the, The majority position among the experts is that the fragments Jerome inherited from the Nazarenes do not derive from the. When Jesus called Levi, Jesus never told him, "Repent, and follow Me." Jesus only said, "Follow Me." Jesus sought out someone like Levi, who was in need of God's mercy and helped him to make a decision to follow Jesus; that is to turn to God. 3.25.5; cf. Outside the New Testament, a statement of importance about him is the passage from the Apostolic Father Papias of Hierapolis preserved by Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea: So then Matthew composed the Oracles in the Hebrew language, and each one interpreted them as he could. The Gospel According to Matthew was certainly written for a Jewish-Christian church in a strongly Jewish environment, but that this Matthew is definitely the Synoptic author is seriously doubted. 3.24.6; Origen, in h.e. Pan. He followed Jesus to his death. How do we know that Matthew changed after Jesus called him? To follow Jesus requires renouncement. Das Papiaszeugnis zur Entstehung des Matthusevangeliums ZNW 92 (2001): 257272; Nolland, Matthew, 3; Enrico Norelli, Papia di Hierapolis: Esposizione degli Oraculi del signore: I Frammenti (Milan: Figlie di San Paolo, 2005), 32829; David H. Sim, The Gospel of Matthew, John the Elder, and the Papias Tradition: A Response to R. H. Gundry HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies 63.1 (2007): 290; Monte Shanks, Papias and the New Testament (Eugene, OR: Pickwick, 2013), 196; Michael J. Kok, Did Papias of Hierapolis Use the Gospel according to the Hebrews as a Source? JECS 25.1 (2017): 32; Bauckham, Eyewitnesses, 223; Jeannine K. Brown and Kyle Roberts, Matthew (Two Horizons; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2018), 1516. nor any utilization of the first-person voice to present Matthews perspective on the unfolding events (contra Acts 16:1017; 20:515; 21:118; 27:137; 28:116; Gos. in Mt. "John, James, Andrew and Peter were the disciples closest to Jesus," Traylor says. The Patristic Traditions about the Evangelist Matthew. Matthew, the Apostle of Yahshua (Popularly known as Jesus Christ) is best known as the publican or tax collector. Yet our access to Papias is mediated through Eusebius, so it is uncertain whether Eusebius interrupted an interconnected statement about both evangelists or juxtaposed two separate excerpts from Papias together. [33] For lexical discussion and debate about the term logion in Papiass vocabulary (cf. All of the harsh and disapproving things He could have or should have said to Matthew would have been justified as far as the culture around them was concerned. As Brent Cunningham expressed it the changing of the names represented Jesus' ownership of them. Omissions? Levi was happy to accept! The Testimonium Flavianum Question (My Two Cents), The Bible is Accurate Manuscript Evidence, Sayings From the Bible in the 21st Century, Colors & Dyes For Clothing in Ancient Rome, Thanksgiving: First Foods, First Friends1620, Ancient Ossuaries Uncover Biblical Truths. praef. The Calling of Saint Matthew depicts the moment from Matthew 9:9 when Jesus passes by Matthew, a tax collector, and says 'Follow me.' Matthew (also called Levi) did so and became one of Jesus . 3.27.4). When Jesus said, "It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick. For an alternative approach, W. F. Albright and C. S. Mann speculate that an Aramaic source identified the toll collector as a Levite and that this was mistranslated as the personal name Levi in the Greek texts of Mark and Luke. Matthews relics were reputedly discovered in Salerno (Italy) in 1080. This is not a solitary occurrence within Matthews Gospel: the evangelist inserted the mother of the sons of Zebedee into one pericope (Matt 20:20; cf. However, none of the ancient Christian literati surmised that the Apostle was fluent in Greek, for they handed down the tradition that Matthew composed his Gospel in Aramaic before it was translated into Greek. [35] For the general consensus of Q scholars, see Nigel Turner, Q in Recent Thought ExpTim 80 (1968-69): 32428; John S. Kloppenborg, The Formation of Q: Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom (Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 1987), 5164; Harry T. Fleddermann, Q: A Reconstruction and Commentary (Leuven: Peeters, 2005), 15557; Sarah E. Rollens, Framing Social Criticism in the Jesus Movement: The Ideological Project in the Sayings Gospel Q (Tbingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014), 9193. Pelag. 4.9). Many people were surprised when Jesus sat down to eat with Levi, but they learned that Jesus' message of salvation is for everyone. The Calling of St. Matthew, by Vittore Carpaccio, 1502. But Levis guests were of his social ilksinners and other tax collectors.The Pharisees (we get our word pharisaical meaning self-righteous; hypocritical from this sect in ancient Judaism) were always watching whatever Jesus did and said and they followed him to Levis house and were appalled to see Him eating and talking with tax collectors and sinners.Several of Jesus other disciples were near. (Matt. Matthew was an accurate counter. Matthias was chosen to be one of the Apostles after Judas of Iscariot had betrayed Jesus and died ( Acts 1:26 NIV). [17] W. D. Davies and Dale C. Allison (A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on The Gospel According to Saint Matthew. 3.39.17. Ward Powers enthusiastically endorses this line of reasoning in the following bold claim: "To have this evidence about the apostle Matthew his background, training, and employment in the Roman administration; his response to the call to follow Jesus; his appointment to the role and responsibility of apostle and to believe that he wouldnotwrite down what Jesus was doing and teaching requires a far bigger leap of faith than believing that he did. It is beyond the scope of this paper to determine why Matthew was substituted for Levi. 3.27.4; 3.39.17; 4.22.8). [26], Krzingers and Gundrys proposals have varying degrees of persuasiveness, but most scholars have not been swayed by their contention that Papiass words on Matthew have been misread through the centuries. You're right Zahid, the author of Matthew was a tax collector. Jesus Calls Levi (Matthew). I. Jesus asked him to be a *disciple (Matthew 9:9). F. C. Burkitt, Levi Son of Alphaeus. The debate over the authorship of Matthews Gospel usually focuses on the replacement of Levi, the son of Alphaeus, with Matthew (Matt 9:9; contra Mark 2:14; Luke 5:27) and the addition of the descriptor the toll collector after Matthews name (Matt 10:3; contra Mark 3:18; Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13). Luz, Matthew 17, 80. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). For a recent effort to argue that plural Aramaic and Greek sources underlie the double tradition, see Maurice Casey, An Aramaic Approach to Q: Sources for the Gospels of Matthew and Luke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). This creates space between Peter and the church's rock. Acts 7:38; Rom 3:2; Heb 5:12; 1 Pet 4:11;1 Clem. As he walked along, he saw Levi son of Alphaeus sitting at the tax collectors booth. Excessive. Even so, most readers of the New Testament throughout history have taken the identification of Levi with Matthew for granted. But Pilate replied, I imagine, "What happens in Jerusalem, stays in . Matthew was obviously a small mokhes because he himself was sitting in the tax office as Jesus passed through the outskirts of Capernaum. Gundry, Matthew, xxii. Jonah was in the belly of the whale 4 days. However, Jesus Christ is of the tribe of Judah. Tax collectors were not very respected people in Jesus' time because many of them stole from the people. They were dishonest and were also seen as. Ein Beitrag zur Lsung eines alten Problems ZNW59 (1968): 4056; Mark Kiley, Why Matthew in Matt 9:913Biblica65.3 (1984): 34751; Michael J. Kok, Re-naming the Toll Collector in Matthew 9:9: A Review of the Options JGAR (forthcoming). He called us when all we had was need. There is a lot of controversy in recent centuries about that subject. "Follow me," he said to him. Even Jesus acknowledges the hatred people had for tax collectors: " If they refuse to listen even to the church, treat them as you would a pagan or a tax collector" (Matthew 18:17). Assuming that the identification of Matthew with Levi is correct, Matthew (probably meaning Yahwehs Gift) would appear to be the Christian name of Levi (called by Mark Levi the son of Alphaeus), who had been employed as a tax collector in the service of Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee. Both books are addressed to the same persona man named Theophilus. Lettie Moses Carr saw Jesus depicted as Black, she was in her 20s. Tradition notes his ministry in Judaea, after which he supposedly missioned to the East, suggesting Ethiopia and Persia. Christian Soldiers in the Ancient Roman Army, Destruction of Jerusalem, c. 586 BCEyewitness Account, Assassination of Julius CaesarAncient Accounts, Claudia ActeNeros Mistress, Secret Christian, Emperor Tiberius & The Resurrection Of Jesus, Plinys Letter To Trajan About Christians, Ancient TechnologyThe Antikythera Mechanism, The Lycurgus CupNanotechnology in Ancient Rome, Monte TestaccioAncient Romes Garbage Dump, Metal Detector FindRoman Coins & Lost Emperor of Britain, Stirring of Water in the Pool of Bethesda. 7.2627; 14.5960). Klijn (Gospel Tradition, 11, 119) and Frey (Die Fragmente des Hebrerevangeliums, 606) treat Eusebiuss attribution of this tale to the Gospel According to the Hebrews as spurious since Eusebius may have had no firsthand knowledge of the text. While Jesus was having dinner at Levis house, many tax collectors and sinners were eating with him and his disciples, for there were many who followed him. But the Pharisees and the teachers of the law who belonged to their sect complained to his disciples, Why do you eat and drink with tax collectors and sinners? Jesus answered them, It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick.I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. Luke 5:27-32. Teilband 1, ed. T/F, 5. The fact that three of the four Gospels recount the calling by Jesus of the tax collector Levi is important. Alternatively, the textual variant that has James instead of Levi as the son of Alphaeus in Mark 2:14 in a handful of manuscripts was plausibly motivated by a desire for uniformity by having a single son of Alphaeus (cf. 12.13; Is. 2.9.45.5; Origen, Jo. Mark 10:35) and swapped Salome for her in another (Matt 27:56; cf. Warren Carter underscores how Papiass erroneous supposition served to underline the antiquity of this gospel and link it to the apostles..
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