who did arthur miller marry before huac who did arthur miller marry before huac

"Leave me alone, fellas," she would implore, as photos of her in old clothes and without makeup would be wired to papers across the country. Miller was willing to sign a statement declaring that he was not and never had been a Communist, but he refused to inform on his friends or fellow writers. As crummy as that is, how many people can say that their spouse left them for Why didnt more people sign false confessions that they were witches to save their lives? $24.99 When The Crucible premiered on Broadway in 1953, the country was in the midst of troubling and frightening period known as McCarthyism, or the Red Scare, which directly informed the play. Maybe theres no man who could put up with all of me. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Her devotion was a boon for Miller, as it was hard to get the public to turn against a man who'd won the heart of an American goddess. In 2002, Miller's third wife Morath died and he soon was engaged to 34-year-old painter Agnes Barley, but he became ill before they could marry. Monroe managed to come back and complete the movie, but by then her marriage to Miller was over. Considerations. Mr. Walter: He has been directed to answer the question and he gave us the answer that we just do not accept. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. READ MORE: Inside Ella Fitzgerald and Marilyn Monroe's Surprising Friendship. Paris tells Capulet he'd like to marry Juliet before Romeo meets Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% 20% 10-17-1915 in Harlem, NY. Arthur Miller was a cold-hearted intellectual who never loved Marilyn Monroe. He never even bothered to show up at her Los Angeles funeral. -To Why doesnt Danforth believe John Proctors confession of his infidelity with Abigail Williams? The shoot was made harder for Monroe by Miller's rewriting, as she had trouble learning the last-minute dialogue. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Though attacked by some conservative critics, Miller's play went on to win the Tony Award for Best Play, while in 1956 the playwright was called to testify before HUAC. This article was originally published in 2009 while Kenneth J. Knirck was a graduate student at California State University, Chico. No he didn't. Her ex husband Joe DiMaggio took care of her burial arrangements and forbade any of her showbusiness friends and acquaintances to att Mr. Arens: Tell us, if you please, sir, about these meetings with the Communist Party writers which you said you attended in New York City. In fact, there are many in Hollywood who support the Academys decision to honor Kazan, among them Karl Malden, Warren Beatty, Robert De Niro, and Martin Scorcese. By speaking out against McCarthyism, Miller was able to make a general statement about the so-called witch hunts that pervaded the government and Hollywood. Arthur Miller married three times: Mary Slattery (1940-1956), Marilyn Monroe (1956-1961), and Inge Morath (1962-2002). Over these images we hear news reports that set the stage for what promised to be a uniquely controversial evening. 2-10-2005 (Death of a Salesman 56th Anniversary) Works. Monroe saw Miller off at the airport in January 1951 when he returned to New York. Mr. Miller: (Miller confers with his lawyer) I tell you, sir, that I have given my answer. Contact us Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller Had an Instant Connection, But Quickly Grew Apart Once Married, Photo: George Lockhart/NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images, Photo: Ken Heyman/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images, READ MORE: Marilyn Monroe Didn't Actually Pose for the First Issue of, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads. Miller planned to go to London with movie star Marilyn Monroe, whom he married four days after appearing before the panel. Arthur Miller and Elia Kazan never During the Cold War, the United States government was extremely fearful of Soviet communism, subversion, and espionage, and many Americans believed Russia posed a Red Scare an imminent and grave threat to democracy. In January 1964, Miller's play After the Fall premiered in New York. Besides, there was no director more in demand in the theater than Elia Kazan. I understood then that this was to be, as I have said, a study course. It was a long time ago. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! (one code per order). Mr. Arens: Have you ever made application for membership in the Communist Party? Miller wrote in his autobiography that the main point of the hearings was to have the accused make a public confession, to damn their confederates as well as the Devil. In 1962, Miller married photographer Inge Morath and the couple collaborated on several photo-journalistic projects. That is half a lifetime away. WebArthur Miller. .css-m6thd4{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:block;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-family:Gilroy,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.2;font-weight:bold;color:#323232;text-transform:capitalize;}@media (any-hover: hover){.css-m6thd4:hover{color:link-hover;}}Chris Rock, Doctors: No Further Hope for Actor Tom Sizemore, Raquel Welchs Mixed Feelings about Her Fur Bikini, Andrea Riseboroughs Oscar Controversy, Explained, 10 Milestones on Viola Davis Road to EGOT Glory. Embed from Getty Imageswindow.gie=window.gie||function(c){(gie.q=gie.q||[]).push(c)};gie(function(){gie.widgets.load({id:'K18M5XfERblAKjq5yWRoKg',sig:'IGuOFCpitTM51uNqD0eBd9-SKzpz_63Qie5vILvX_PU=',w:'594px',h:'436px',items:'515025468',caption: true ,tld:'com',is360: false })}); Arthur Miller was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1956, as HUACs power was waning. She'd idealized Miller and was devastated by what she viewed as a betrayal. Mr. Miller: I will be perfectly frank with you in anything relating to my activities. [i] The Crucible remains one of Millers most acclaimed plays and its continued revivals have painted an indelible image of the witch-hunt as part of the hysteria of the McCarthyite period. Mr. Miller: I was by then a well-known writer. Although The Crucible initially received mixed reviews from critics and audiences, it won the Tony Award for Best Play. The charge was later quashed by the Circuit Court of Appeals in 1958. Mr. Scherer: We do not accept the reasons you gave for refusing to answer the question and that it is the opinion of the committee that, if you do not answer the question, that you areplacing yourself in contempt. creating and saving your own notes as you read. What kind of triangle has no equal sides or angles? Although its anti-American themes sparked controversy, Death of a Salesman ran for 742 performances and won the Tony Award for Best Play, the Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. As Barzman explains, His lifetime achievement was the destruction of lives. Abraham Polonsky, himself blacklisted in the 50s, has this to say: I hope somebody shoots him. He was subpoenaed to appear before HUAC and was charged with contempt of Congress for his refusal to provide names of colleagues who participated in communist activities. Those investigated included many artists and entertainers, including the Hollywood Ten, Elia Kazan, Pete Seeger, Bertolt Brecht, and Arthur Miller. How many hundredths are equivalent to 9 tenths? Why is the play called The Crucible? House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, established in 1938 under Martin Dies as chairman, that conducted investigations through the 1940s and 50s into alleged communist activities. In the early morning hours of March 21, 1999, Hollywood was completing the final preparations for its annual celebration of itself. My feelings toward that terrible era are unchanged, he wrote in The Guardian, but at the same time history ought not to be rewritten. Clearly, the necessity to name names was another link between the two periods. READ MORE: Marilyn Monroe Didn't Actually Pose for the First Issue of Playboy, Monroe and Miller's relationship reached its end point while they worked together on what would be her final film, The Misfits. There was the normal buzz about Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Outfit. Gordon Scherer (HUAC member and former House Representative from Ohio): Just a minute. The relationship between Arthur Miller and the HUAC cannot be called amicable to any extent. Miller was subpoenaed by HUAC in June 1956, but his passport had been invalidated in 1954 because of suspected Communist leanings. I did research for that, so that by the time I was quite well known, and I attended these meetings in order to locate my ideas in relation to Marxism because I had been assailed for years by all kinds of interpretations of what communism was, what Marxism was, and I went there to discover where I stood finally and completely, and I listened and said very little, I think, the 4 or 5 times. Whom did arthur Miller marry soon after he appeared before the HUAC? Created by. BiblioWeb: webapp01 Version 4.9.1 Last updated 2023/02/16 09:33. The newlyweds were then to travel to Brussels, Belgium, for the opening of Millers new play, The Crucible, which dissected the 1692 witch hunt trials in Salem, Mass. (Miller confers with his lawyer) I will tell you anything about myself, as I have. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. Which capital is farther north Salt Lake City Utah or Carson City Nevada? 1928 Bar-mitzvah at the Avenue M Father's business struggling and family move to Brooklyn. Following the end of World War II the Soviet Union was a powerful enemy of the United States, and both countries were engaged in mutual distrust and amassment of nuclear power that came to be called the Cold War. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. According to both men they were like brothers, the same fellow. And yet, when Kazan named names, their friendship was irrevocably torn. Mr. Miller: This is now 16 years ago. Kazans testimony was a bitter pill for many on the left. A whole era can be seen through the lives and works of these two men. Miller readily conceded the committees right to inquire into his own political activities. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 29 August 2007. One character, Maggie, had the same background, mannerisms and self-destructive tendencies of Monroe. That is entirely too vague. To the movie star, Miller seemed to give her that true sense of affection and safety; to the playwright, Monroes fierce loyalty to him during his HUAC testimony was forever a blessing. Continue to start your free trial. I wouldnt make it any tougher for anybody. And yet, Miller sided with those who believed Kazan should be honored. The two were complete opposites: a movie star sex symbol in love with a cerebral, award-winning playwright. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. Miller died in 2005 at age 89. Sometimes it can end up there. On June 29, 1956, the pair got married at the Westchester County Court House in White Plains, New York. He decided not to invoke his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination and answered questions about his own actions but he refused to share the names of any other attendees. She didn't like that he'd ignored his principles and did a lackluster rewrite of scenes for her film Let's Make Love. Arthur Miller was born on October 17, 1915 and grew up in New York Citys Harlem. Mr. Jackson: Did you decline to answer the question? Miller also continued to concern himself with social and political issues: He actively spoke out against the Vietnam War; accepted the presidency of International PEN, an organization that defended the rights of politically oppressed writers; and served as a delegate to the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Broadway did not have a blacklist. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. These were writers, poets, as far as I could see, and the life of a writer, despite what it sometimes seems, is pretty tough. Marilyn would soon be flying to London to begin work on her next film, and Miller had applied to regain his passport to accompany her. What was his occupation. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. terribly evil, but he was destroyed by them nonetheless. Monroe wanted to be with Miller, who seemed to offer her both love and the sense of security she'd always yearned for. The last name is D--U-s-s-e-a-u was chairman of the meeting of the Communist Party writers in New York City in 1947 at which you were in attendance. Mr. Arens: Where were those meetings held? Miller and Monroe got married on June 29, 1956, in a judge's office in White Plains, New York; a Jewish ceremony followed on July 1. But he also put me through a lot." He was called before the committee on June 21, 1956, and asked to disclose the names of suspected communists. PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. WebIt was in 1956 that Miller made his most fateful personal decision, when he divorced his first wife, Mary Slattery Miller, and married movie siren-cum-legend Marilyn Monroe. They even had an affair with the same woman: Marilyn Monroe. By the time he was a teenager, his familylike many otherswas struggling through the Great Depression. met her. We have only a few more questions. After the completion of Bus Stop, Marilyn returned to New York amid much speculation that she and Arthur Miller would soon marry. How many minutes is the same as 180 degrees. Mr. Miller: I am trying to elucidate my position on the relation of art. Read more about the influence of the Soviet Union on literature in George Orwells novel. The Crucible, Kazan justified the role of the informer in his Academy-Award winning film On the Waterfront, Miller disparaged the informer in A View from the Bridge. Shortly after the Broadway premier of Bridge Miller was called before HUAC where he, unlike Kazan, refused to name names. Mr. Miller: (Miller confers with his lawyer) Sir, I believe I have given you the answer that I must give. The accused would then guarantee their new allegiance by breaking All Rights Reserved. WebIn 1956, Miller divorced the mother of his two children, Mary Slattery, and married Marilyn Monroe. Arthur Asher Miller. Mr. Arens: Mr. Chairman, I respectfully suggest that the witness be ordered and directed to answer the question as to who it was that he saw at these meetings. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Miller has been married three times: to Mary Grace Slattery in 1940, Marilyn Monroe in 1956, and photographer Inge Morath in 1962, with whom he lives in Connecticut. As recently as 2015, the Melbourne Theatre Company was reviving the play to great popular and critical success. Asked why the Communist Party had produced one of his plays, he said, I take no more responsibility for who plays my plays than General Motors can take for who rides in their Chevrolets. Asked about his brief flirtation with Communism, he said, I have had to go to hell to meet the devil, after which one wag quipped that he must have gone there as a tourist. She also liked the idea of being seen as a serious actress who was partnered with a renowned playwright. Wed love to have you back! There is a direction on the part of the chairman to answer the question. Even before his hearing, Miller recognized a parallel between the 1692 Salem witch trials and HUACs methods that encouraged citizens to betray each other. which linked the HUAC investigations to the Salem witch-hunts. Significance. Why is Rebecca Nurse accused of witchcraft? Elia Kazan did sufficient extraordinary work in theater and film to merit acknowledgement.. Monroe traveled to Mexico on January 20, 1961, to obtain a divorce a date chosen in the hopes that John F. Kennedy's inauguration would distract media attention. The playwright Arthur Miller handled the HUAC investigations in a far different way to Kazan. This success was quickly followed by the Broadway premiere of Death of a Salesman in 1949, again under the direction of Kazan. on 50-99 accounts. (Miller confers with his lawyer) Is that correct? But the U.S. There are clear and obvious parallels between the House Committee on Un-American Activities investigation rooting out of real and suspected communists and the seventeenth-century witch-hunt mania that hit Salem. Monroe was counseled to distance herself from Miller or possibly see her career go up in smoke. READ MORE: Inside Marilyn Monroe's Final Days and Fragile State of Mind. Renews March 10, 2023 Are you asking who Arthur Miller married after he testified in front of the House Unamerican Activities Comittee? The phrasing of your question sou Learn. Alternate titles: Committee on Un-American Activities, Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities, Dies Committee, HUAC. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Susan Doll Omissions? Circuit Court of Appeals overturned his conviction, ruling that Walter had misled him. Playwright Arthur Miller, who soon may become Marilyn Monroe's third husband, testified before a house unamerican activities subcommittee. Updates? Miller and Marilyn Monroe were married in 1956, after his testimony before the HUAC. All My Sons, A View from the Bridge, The Crucible, & Pulitzer for Death of Salesman, February 10, 2005 from congestive heart failure, Name another play that Miller wrote beside The Crucilble, Why was Miller brought before the House of Un-American Activities Committee. In the jurisdiction of this committee he has been requested to tell this committee who were in attendance at these meetings. Workers were laying red carpet and polishing huge statues. Now, Mr. Chairman, I ask that you again direct the witness to answer the question. James Madison HIgh School. Once a reporter attempted to rationalize his conduct to Miller by declaring, "We only bother you about this because people want to know." It will be an interesting moment in what otherwise promises to be a dull evening.. Miller certainly did not invent the term witch hunt. Arthur Miller kissing Marilyn Monroe on the forehead as he embraces her under a tree on his farm just after their marriage. Millers final play, Finish the Picture, was based on the difficult filming of The Misfits. Did the girls really see the Devil or witches? The ancient Greeks could bisect an angle using only a straightedge? But in the end, Miller, just like second spouse Joe DiMaggio, wasn't enough for the fragile actress. But the movie shoot didn't go smoothly and she clashed with Olivier. A View Playwright Arthur Miller refused to comply with HUAC and defied McCarthyism by refusing to name suspected communists. He was found guilty of contem For many, Kazans brilliant career-all that he contributed to the theater, to film, to letters-will be tainted by a single decision he was forced to make some fifty years ago. "How he thought I was some kind of angel but now he guessed he was wrong. The Crucible, represents the paranoia about communism that pervaded America in the 1950s. Miller and Monroe got married on June 29, 1956, in a judge's office in White Plains, New York; a Jewish ceremony followed on July 1. He was called long after the early investigations and he believed that his marriage to Hollywoods most popular actress Marilyn Monroe helped spark the interest of the HUAC investigators. Mr. Jackson: I am not satisfied with that. But these moments of happiness were interrupted by other problems. Miller had written a screenplay about the Brooklyn waterfront, The Hook, for Kazan to direct. Mr. Walter: Of course, you can do that, but I understand this is about the end of the hearing. He had never been a member of the communist party, but had been active in left circles for many years. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Dont have an account? Mr. Miller: I understood them to be Communist writers who were meeting regularly. A regular user and abuser of pills and alcohol, Monroe blamed herself for the last miscarriage. Died. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. that she really made the doll and gave it to Abigail. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. The actress and playwright were once enamored with each other even writing love letters but their relationship wasn't strong enough to endure. As his disgusting old vows in public. Mr. Arens: Was Arnaud DUsseau chairman of this meeting of Communist Party writers which took place in 1947 at which you were in attendance? While reading The Crucible, the author, Arthur Miller, gives readers a little insight as to how married couples interacted with each other at that time. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. With this Arthur Miller is recognized as one of the most important figures in 20th century American theater, as well as an activist who drew public attention to controversial political and social issues of his time. Miller was reluctant to leave his wife, but he was very much in love with Monroe; in one letter, he told her, "I believe that I should really die if I ever lost you." The executive's threats proved idle, however, because Marilyn's popularity eclipsed whatever slight damage that may been done by her indirect link to HUAC's investigation of domestic communism. The Crucible premiered in 1953 with a staging by Jed Harris, as Millers friendship and close working relationship with director Elia Kazan had been severed after Kazan testified for the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). In 1957, Miller was found guilty of contempt of Congress, denied a passport and sentenced to a $500 fine or 30 days in jail. Hydraulic pressure is created when fluid flow from a hydraulic pump meets ___. Mr. Arens: This is about the end of the hearing. Its influence had waned by the 1960s; in 1969 it was renamed the Internal Security Committee, and in 1975 it was dissolved. Then she happened upon notes Miller had been making about her. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ). Mr. Arens: Were those closed party meetings? Friar Laurence hesitates to marry Romeo and Juliet because just 1920-28 Attends Public School #24 in Harlem. However, she ignored this advice, remaining loyal to Miller both publicly and privately. Look at actual garments or photos from magazines and catalogs. Major Support for American Masters provided by. When she told the executive that she stood firm behind Miller and his beliefs, he warned her that she could be through in the film industry. The committee had subpoenaed Miller after he sought to renew his passport. Richard Nixon was an active member in the late 1940s, and the committees most celebrated case was perhaps that of Alger Hiss. I there signed some form or another. Between Miller's problems with Congress and the possibility of marriage between the Beauty and the Brain, the media attention hurled at Miller and Marilyn in the summer of 1956 became unbearable. He went on to include characters with links to Monroe in other works, including the 2004 play Finishing the Picture, which was based on the chaotic shoot of The Misfits. After earning a bachelor of arts degree in 1938 and marrying his college sweetheart, Mary Slattery, Miller struggled to establish himself as a playwright. Just as in The Crucible, the HUAC promised clemency in exchange for condemning others, leading to many false accusations and creating terrible guilt for those who did testify. Two days later, on July 1, 1956, they were married in a Jewish ceremony at the home of Miller's agent. Corrections? We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. WebOn June 29th, 1956, Miller married Marilyn Monroe, who was preparing to star in Bus Stop and discussing a role in The Prince and the Showgirl with Laurence Olivier. He was called long after the early investigations and he believed that his This meant he was likely to receive a contempt citation from Congress. That's a remorseless conflict.". Mr. Arens: Mr. Chairman, I respectfully suggest that the witness be ordered and directed to answer the question as to whether or not Arnaud DUsseau A-r-n-a-u-d. [2] As recently as June 2016, the Melbourne Theatre Company was reviving the play to great popular and critical success. Her ongoing substance abuse also made it difficult to get work done on the film. [1] The Crucible remains one of Millers most He had two children with Slattery (Jane and Robert) and two more with Morath (Rebecca and Daniel). The Crucible allegory for Senator McCarthys ongoing persecution of suspected Communists. In 1952, Kazan appeared before the House Committee on Un-American Activities and named eight of his old friends from the Group Theater who in the 1930s, along with him, had been members of the American Communist Party. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. I dont know. At the time she was still trying to find fame, while he was already acclaimed as one of the country's leading playwrights, thanks to his Pulitzer Prize-winning Death of a Salesman. Miller, who struggled at the time so mightily with his personal moral failing, emerged as the exemplar of courage in face of the Red scare. What occasioned your presence? Lee Strasberg gave the bride away, and husband and wife celebrated with a reception for 25 close friends and associates. Learn. Central Idea Essay: Who Is Actually on Trial in the Play? SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Together, they next headed to England so Monroe could work on The Prince and the Showgirl with Laurence Olivier. The Price two brothers dealing with the death of their father. Want 100 or more? SparkNotes PLUS One of the first to use it in terms of Hollywood in the Red Scare period was actually an arch-conservative in Cecil B. DeMille. After the 1947 HUAC hearings, the media reported that: DeMille said he thought Reds were neither more or less active in Hollywood than in other major American cities Hollywood is a convenient target for so-called witch hunters I sometimes think these hunters are actually hunting headlines while the real witch sits in her little red tent and laughs at them.. | for a group? Arthur Miller (19152005) was the author of essays, journals, short stories, a novel, and a childrens book, but is best known for his more than two dozen plays, which include the seminal American dramas Death of a Salesman and The Crucible.A staunch patriot and humanist, Millers work conveys a deeply moral outlook whereby all But unlike the debate that swirled around the Kazan Oscar, None Without Sin paints a portrait of this time in appropriate shades of gray, finding-in the words of the blacklisted writer Dalton Trumbo-neither villains or heroes. The film not only considers the motivations of those who defied or capitulated to HUAC, but also examines those who were truly responsible for the suppression of legitimate dissent in this era: men like Parnell Thomas, Joseph McCarthy, Francis Walter, and the Hollywood moguls who instituted the blacklist. Arthur Miller, Elia Kazan and the Blacklist: None Without Sin. Due to these issues, she was hospitalized for a week in Los Angeles. damn their confederates as well as the Devil. When I say this I want you to understand that I am not protecting the Communists or the Communist Party. I was there for about 3 to 4 times perhaps. Miller and Monroe were divorced in 1961. Mr. Miller: I was present at meetings of Communist Party writers in 1947, about 5 or 6 meetings. During the proceedings Marilyn supported Miller both privately and publicly, telling newsreel reporters that she believed her future husband would win his case. In the meantime, she placed his photo on a bookshelf above her pillow. Miller was finding the peace and emotional quiet he required to write lacking, while Monroe had come to resent her husband. found in contempt of Congress refused to name suspected Communists. Richard Arens (counsel for HUAC and a former aide to Senator McCarthy): Do you know a person by the name of Sue Warren? Though The Crucible was written in response to McCarthyism in Hollywood, Miller was not writing about his own persecution, but the culture of fear and intolerance he saw victimizing his friends and coworkers. Francis Eugene Walter (Chairman of HUAC from 1955-1963 and former House Representative from Pennsylvania): You are directed to answer the question, Mr. Miller. It was of no interest to me and I didnt return. How do family and peers affect decisions about clothing? Meanwhile, a wave of worldwide support for the acclaimed playwright from prominent artists and statesmen indicated to the State Department that HUAC's decision could hurt American credibility abroad. (It premiered at Chicagos Goodman Theatre in 2004 under the direction of Robert Falls.). However, this did not stop his plays being performed on stage as Broadway refused to impose a blacklist. Together, they next headed to